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2023/04/10
快報(bào)：淺析STM32單片機(jī)的啟動(dòng)文件
2023-06-12 17:25:53 來源：電子工程師聯(lián)盟
今天來總結(jié)的stm32基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是啟動(dòng)文件相關(guān)。要想對(duì)是stm32單片機(jī)有個(gè)深入的理解，那么啟動(dòng)文件就是一個(gè)繞不過去的坎。
一、什么是啟動(dòng)文件
(資料圖片)
簡(jiǎn)單說，啟動(dòng)文件是在單片機(jī)用戶程序執(zhí)行之前，執(zhí)行的一段匯編代碼。這段匯編代碼是執(zhí)行用戶程序之前的一個(gè)準(zhǔn)備環(huán)節(jié)。文件名以.s的格式來命名，表明其是匯編文件。啟動(dòng)文件，不用自己進(jìn)行編寫，參照一些偽指令定義，能夠看得懂，在實(shí)際開發(fā)中如果涉及到一些改動(dòng)，能夠簡(jiǎn)單修改就可以了。
二、啟動(dòng)文件所講內(nèi)容概要
那么，啟動(dòng)文件里面主要講的是什么內(nèi)容呢？分為如下5個(gè)方面：
1.堆?？臻g的定義；
2.初始化中斷向量表；
3.復(fù)位中斷函數(shù)（Reset_Handler）{系統(tǒng)初始化，然后進(jìn)入main函數(shù)}；
4.中斷函數(shù)的弱（WEAK）聲明
5.用戶棧和堆初始化
三、啟動(dòng)文件使用的匯編指令匯總
啟動(dòng)文件一般都是由匯編代碼和偽指令來寫的。
1、下面表格就是啟動(dòng)文件中出現(xiàn)的偽指令名稱及其相關(guān)的含義。請(qǐng)大家參考：
2、幾個(gè)名詞解釋
堆
堆主要用來動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)存的分配，像 malloc()函數(shù)申請(qǐng)的內(nèi)存就在堆上面。這個(gè)在 STM32里面用的比較少
棧
棧的作用是用于局部變量，函數(shù)調(diào)用，函數(shù)形參等的開銷，棧的大小不能超過內(nèi)部SRAM的大小。棧的生長(zhǎng)方向是由高地址向低地址擴(kuò)展。
THUMB
THUMB：表示后面指令兼容 THUMB 指令。 THUBM 是 ARM以前的指令集， 16bit，現(xiàn)在 Cortex-M 系列的都使用 THUMB-2 指令集， THUMB-2 是 32 位的，兼容 16 位和 32 位的指令，是 THUMB 的超集。
中斷向量表
中斷向量表：把系統(tǒng)中所有的中斷類型碼及其對(duì)應(yīng)的中斷向量按一定的規(guī)律存放在一個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi)，這個(gè)存儲(chǔ)區(qū)域就叫中斷向量表。
四、啟動(dòng)文件解讀
下面是我項(xiàng)目工程中的完整啟動(dòng)文件代碼。按照以上5個(gè)內(nèi)容分類進(jìn)行展開。這里只選取我覺得比較關(guān)鍵的部分進(jìn)行闡述，不會(huì)逐字逐句的說明。提示注意一下，匯編文件的注釋是通過 “；”來開始的，不是像C語言中，是通過// 或者/***/來進(jìn)行注釋的?！?；”在匯編文件中，也就等同于.c文件中的“//”。
1.堆?？臻g的定義；
Stack_Size EQU 0x00000400 AREA STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3Stack_Mem SPACE Stack_Size__initial_sp; < h > Heap Configuration; < o > Heap Size (in Bytes) < 0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8 >; < /h >Heap_Size EQU 0x00000200 AREA HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3__heap_baseHeap_Mem SPACE Heap_Size__heap_limit PRESERVE8開辟棧的大小為 0X00000400（1KB），名字為 STACK， NOINIT 即不初始化，可讀可寫， 8（2^3）字節(jié)對(duì)齊。
開辟堆的大小為 0X00000200（512 字節(jié)），名字為 HEAP， NOINIT 即不初始化，可讀可寫， 8（2^3）字節(jié)對(duì)齊。
2.初始化中斷向量表；
THUMB; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset AREA RESET, DATA, READONLY EXPORT __Vectors EXPORT __Vectors_End EXPORT __Vectors_Size__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack DCD Reset_Handler ; Reset Handler DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler DCD HardFault_Handler ; Hard Fault Handler DCD MemManage_Handler ; MPU Fault Handler DCD BusFault_Handler ; Bus Fault Handler DCD UsageFault_Handler ; Usage Fault Handler DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD SVC_Handler ; SVCall Handler DCD DebugMon_Handler ; Debug Monitor Handler DCD 0 ; Reserved DCD PendSV_Handler ; PendSV Handler DCD SysTick_Handler ; SysTick Handler ; External Interrupts DCD WWDG_IRQHandler ; Window WatchDog DCD PVD_IRQHandler ; PVD through EXTI Line detection DCD TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler ; Tamper and TimeStamps through the EXTI line DCD RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler ; RTC Wakeup through the EXTI line DCD FLASH_IRQHandler ; FLASH DCD RCC_IRQHandler ; RCC DCD EXTI0_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line0 DCD EXTI1_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line1 DCD EXTI2_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line2 DCD EXTI3_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line3 DCD EXTI4_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line4 DCD DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 0 DCD DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 1 DCD DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 2 DCD DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 3 DCD DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 4 DCD DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 5 DCD DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 6 DCD ADC_IRQHandler ; ADC1, ADC2 and ADC3s DCD CAN1_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN1 TX DCD CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX0 DCD CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX1 DCD CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN1 SCE DCD EXTI9_5_IRQHandler ; External Line[9:5]s DCD TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Break and TIM9 DCD TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Update and TIM10 DCD TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation and TIM11 DCD TIM1_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Capture Compare DCD TIM2_IRQHandler ; TIM2 DCD TIM3_IRQHandler ; TIM3 DCD TIM4_IRQHandler ; TIM4 DCD I2C1_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Event DCD I2C1_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Error DCD I2C2_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Event DCD I2C2_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Error DCD SPI1_IRQHandler ; SPI1 DCD SPI2_IRQHandler ; SPI2 DCD USART1_IRQHandler ; USART1 DCD USART2_IRQHandler ; USART2 DCD USART3_IRQHandler ; USART3 DCD EXTI15_10_IRQHandler ; External Line[15:10]s DCD RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler ; RTC Alarm (A and B) through EXTI Line DCD OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USBOTG FS Wakeup through EXTI line DCD TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Break and TIM12 DCD TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Update and TIM13 DCD TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation and TIM14 DCD TIM8_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Capture Compare DCD DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream7 DCD FSMC_IRQHandler ; FSMC DCD SDIO_IRQHandler ; SDIO DCD TIM5_IRQHandler ; TIM5 DCD SPI3_IRQHandler ; SPI3 DCD UART4_IRQHandler ; UART4 DCD UART5_IRQHandler ; UART5 DCD TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler ; TIM6 and DAC1&2 underrun errorsDCD TIM7_IRQHandler ; TIM7 DCD DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 0 DCD DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 1 DCD DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 2 DCD DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 3 DCD DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 4 DCD ETH_IRQHandler ; EthernetDCD ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler ; Ethernet Wakeup through EXTI line DCD CAN2_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN2 TX DCD CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX0 DCD CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX1 DCD CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN2 SCE DCD OTG_FS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG FS DCD DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 5 DCD DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 6 DCD DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 7 DCD USART6_IRQHandler ; USART6 DCD I2C3_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C3 event DCD I2C3_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C3 error DCD OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 Out DCD OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 In DCD OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS Wakeup through EXTI DCD OTG_HS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS DCD DCMI_IRQHandler ; DCMI DCD CRYP_IRQHandler ; CRYP crypto DCD HASH_RNG_IRQHandler ; Hash and Rng DCD FPU_IRQHandler ; FPU__Vectors_End__Vectors_Size EQU __Vecto- __Vectors3.復(fù)位中斷函數(shù)（Reset_Handler）{系統(tǒng)初始化，然后進(jìn)入main函數(shù)}；
AREA |.text|, CODE, READONLY; Reset handlerReset_Handler PROC EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK] IMPORT SystemInit IMPORT __main LDR R0, =SystemInit BLX R0 LDR R0, =__main BX R0 ENDP4.中斷函數(shù)的弱（WEAK）聲明
; Dummy Exception Handlers (infinite loops which can be modified)NMI_Handler PROC EXPORT NMI_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPHardFault_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT HardFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPMemManage_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT MemManage_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPBusFault_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT BusFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPUsageFault_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT UsageFault_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPSVC_Handler PROC EXPORT SVC_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPDebugMon_Handler\\ PROC EXPORT DebugMon_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPPendSV_Handler PROC EXPORT PendSV_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPSysTick_Handler PROC EXPORT SysTick_Handler [WEAK] B . ENDPDefault_Handler PROC EXPORT WWDG_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT PVD_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FLASH_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RCC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ADC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI9_5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM1_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C1_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C1_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C2_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C2_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT EXTI15_10_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM8_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FSMC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SDIO_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT SPI3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT UART4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT UART5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT TIM7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ETH_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_FS_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT USART6_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C3_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT I2C3_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT OTG_HS_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT DCMI_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT CRYP_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT HASH_RNG_IRQHandler [WEAK] EXPORT FPU_IRQHandler [WEAK]WWDG_IRQHandler PVD_IRQHandler TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler FLASH_IRQHandler RCC_IRQHandler EXTI0_IRQHandler EXTI1_IRQHandler EXTI2_IRQHandler EXTI3_IRQHandler EXTI4_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler ADC_IRQHandler CAN1_TX_IRQHandler CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler EXTI9_5_IRQHandler TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler TIM1_CC_IRQHandler TIM2_IRQHandler TIM3_IRQHandler TIM4_IRQHandler I2C1_EV_IRQHandler I2C1_ER_IRQHandler I2C2_EV_IRQHandler I2C2_ER_IRQHandler SPI1_IRQHandler SPI2_IRQHandler USART1_IRQHandler USART2_IRQHandler USART3_IRQHandler EXTI15_10_IRQHandler RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler TIM8_CC_IRQHandler DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler FSMC_IRQHandler SDIO_IRQHandler TIM5_IRQHandler SPI3_IRQHandler UART4_IRQHandler UART5_IRQHandler TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler TIM7_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler ETH_IRQHandler ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler CAN2_TX_IRQHandler CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler OTG_FS_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler USART6_IRQHandler I2C3_EV_IRQHandler I2C3_ER_IRQHandler OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler OTG_HS_IRQHandler DCMI_IRQHandler CRYP_IRQHandler HASH_RNG_IRQHandlerFPU_IRQHandler B . ENDP ALIGN如果我們?cè)谑褂媚硞€(gè)外設(shè)的時(shí)候，開啟了某個(gè)中斷，但是又忘記編寫配套的中斷服務(wù)程序或者函數(shù)名寫錯(cuò)，那當(dāng)中斷來臨的時(shí)，程序就會(huì)跳轉(zhuǎn)到啟動(dòng)文件預(yù)先寫好的空的中斷服務(wù)程序中，并且在這個(gè)空函數(shù)中無線循環(huán)，即程序就死在這里。這也是[weak]起到的作用。關(guān)于weak,可以網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索，了解一下虛函數(shù)，和這里是一個(gè)意思。
5.用戶棧和堆初始化
;*******************************************************************************; User Stack and Heap initialization;******************************************************************************* IF :DEF:__MICROLIB EXPORT __initial_sp EXPORT __heap_base EXPORT __heap_limit ELSE IMPORT __use_two_region_memory EXPORT __user_initial_stackheap__user_initial_stackheap LDR R0, = Heap_Mem LDR R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size) LDR R2, = (Heap_Mem + Heap_Size) LDR R3, = Stack_Mem BX LR ALIGN ENDIF END五、理解啟動(dòng)文件的用途總結(jié)
1、項(xiàng)目整體把控
每一款芯片，如果你想使用它來做開發(fā)，那都有必要了解一下它的啟動(dòng)文件。通過了解，我們可以體會(huì)到處理器的架構(gòu)、指令集、中斷向量安排等內(nèi)容，對(duì)整個(gè)片子有一個(gè)整體的認(rèn)識(shí)。
2、修改堆棧
如果堆棧不夠用了，可以修改他們的大小。尤其是棧，當(dāng)我們需求增加，代碼量自然而然就會(huì)增多。那么定義的局部變量，函數(shù)嵌套的層數(shù)必然也就會(huì)增多。這個(gè)時(shí)候就需要關(guān)注棧的大小，如果發(fā)生溢出，程序就會(huì)發(fā)生意想不到的后果。
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